- Python 3 Basic Tutorial
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- Python 3 Advanced Tutorial
- Python 3 Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
This chapter covers all the basic I/O functions available in Python 3. For more functions, please refer to the standard Python documentation.
Printing to the Screen
The simplest way to produce output is using the print statement where you can pass zero or more expressions separated by commas. This function converts the expressions you pass into a string and writes the result to standard output as follows −
This produces the following result on your standard screen −
Reading Keyboard Input
Python 2 has two built-in functions to read data from standard input, which by default comes from the keyboard. These functions are input() and raw_input()
In Python 3, raw_input() function is deprecated. Moreover, input() functions read data from keyboard as string, irrespective of whether it is enclosed with quotes (' or ' ) or not.
The input Function
The input([prompt]) function is equivalent to raw_input, except that it assumes that the input is a valid Python expression and returns the evaluated result to you.
Opening and Closing Files
Until now, you have been reading and writing to the standard input and output. Now, we will see how to use actual data files.
Idraw 2 5 download free. Python provides basic functions and methods necessary to manipulate files by default. You can do most of the file manipulation using a file object.
The open Function
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Before you can read or write a file, you have to open it using Python's built-in open() function. This function creates a file object, which would be utilized to call other support methods associated with it.
Syntax
Here are parameter details −
file_name − The file_name argument is a string value that contains the name of the file that you want to access.
access_mode − The access_mode determines the mode in which the file has to be opened, i.e., read, write, append, etc. A complete list of possible values is given below in the table. This is an optional parameter and the default file access mode is read (r).
buffering − If the buffering value is set to 0, no buffering takes place. If the buffering value is 1, line buffering is performed while accessing a file. If you specify the buffering value as an integer greater than 1, then buffering action is performed with the indicated buffer size. If negative, the buffer size is the system default(default behavior).
Here is a list of the different modes of opening a file −
| Sr.No. | Mode & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | r Opens a file for reading only. The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the file. This is the default mode. |
| 2 | rb Opens a file for reading only in binary format. The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the file. This is the default mode. |
| 3 | r+ Opens a file for both reading and writing. The file pointer placed at the beginning of the file. |
| 4 | rb+ Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary format. The file pointer placed at the beginning of the file. |
| 5 | w Opens a file for writing only. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for writing. |
| 6 | wb Opens a file for writing only in binary format. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for writing. |
| 7 | w+ Opens a file for both writing and reading. Overwrites the existing file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing. |
| 8 | wb+ Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary format. Overwrites the existing file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing. |
| 9 | a Opens a file for appending. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for writing. |
| 10 | ab Opens a file for appending in binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for writing. |
| 11 | a+ Opens a file for both appending and reading. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for reading and writing. |
| 12 | ab+ Opens a file for both appending and reading in binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. https://downloadcontent.mystrikingly.com/blog/webtolayers-1-1-1-converts-websites-to-photoshop-documents. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for reading and writing. |
The file Object Attributes
Once a file is opened and you have one file object, you can get various information related to that file.
Here is a list of all the attributes related to a file object −
| Sr.No. | Attribute & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | file.closed Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise. |
| 2 | file.mode Returns access mode with which file was opened. |
| 3 | file.name Returns name of the file. |
Note − softspace attribute is not supported in Python 3.x
Example
This produces the following result −
The close() Method
The close() method of a file object flushes any unwritten information and closes the file object, after which no more writing can be done.
Python automatically closes a file when the reference object of a file is reassigned to another file. It is a good practice to use the close() method to close a file.
Syntax
Example
This produces the following result −
Reading and Writing Files
The file object provides a set of access methods to make our lives easier. We would see how to use read() and write() methods to read and write files.
The write() Method
The write() method writes any string to an open file. It is important to note that Python strings can have binary data and not just text.
The write() method does not add a newline character ('n') to the end of the string −
Syntax
Here, passed parameter is the content to be written into the opened file.
Example
The above method would create foo.txt file and would write given content in that file and finally it would close that file. If you would open this file, it would have the following content −
The read() Method
The read() method reads a string from an open file. It is important to note that Python strings can have binary data. apart from text data.
Syntax
Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be read from the opened file. This method starts reading from the beginning of the file and if count is missing, then it tries to read as much as possible, maybe until the end of file.
Example
Let us take a file foo.txt, which we created above.
This produces the following result −
File Positions
The tell() method tells you the current position within the file; in other words, the next read or write will occur at that many bytes from the beginning of the file.
The seek(offset[, from]) method changes the current file position. The offset argument indicates the number of bytes to be moved. The from argument specifies the reference position from where the bytes are to be moved.
If from is set to 0, the beginning of the file is used as the reference position. If it is set to 1, the current position is used as the reference position. If it is set to 2 then the end of the file would be taken as the reference position.
Example
Let us take a file foo.txt, which we created above.
This produces the following result −
Renaming and Deleting Files
Python os module provides methods that help you perform file-processing operations, such as renaming and deleting files.
To use this module, you need to import it first and then you can call any related functions.
The rename() Method
The rename() method takes two arguments, the current filename and the new filename.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to rename an existing file test1.txt −
The remove() Method
You can use the remove() method to delete files by supplying the name of the file to be deleted as the argument.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to delete an existing file test2.txt −
Directories in Python
All files are contained within various directories, and Python has no problem handling these too. The os module has several methods that help you create, remove, and change directories.
The mkdir() Method
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The close() method of a file object flushes any unwritten information and closes the file object, after which no more writing can be done.
Python automatically closes a file when the reference object of a file is reassigned to another file. It is a good practice to use the close() method to close a file.
Syntax
Example
This produces the following result −
Reading and Writing Files
The file object provides a set of access methods to make our lives easier. We would see how to use read() and write() methods to read and write files.
The write() Method
The write() method writes any string to an open file. It is important to note that Python strings can have binary data and not just text.
The write() method does not add a newline character ('n') to the end of the string −
Syntax
Here, passed parameter is the content to be written into the opened file.
Example
The above method would create foo.txt file and would write given content in that file and finally it would close that file. If you would open this file, it would have the following content −
The read() Method
The read() method reads a string from an open file. It is important to note that Python strings can have binary data. apart from text data.
Syntax
Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be read from the opened file. This method starts reading from the beginning of the file and if count is missing, then it tries to read as much as possible, maybe until the end of file.
Example
Let us take a file foo.txt, which we created above.
This produces the following result −
File Positions
The tell() method tells you the current position within the file; in other words, the next read or write will occur at that many bytes from the beginning of the file.
The seek(offset[, from]) method changes the current file position. The offset argument indicates the number of bytes to be moved. The from argument specifies the reference position from where the bytes are to be moved.
If from is set to 0, the beginning of the file is used as the reference position. If it is set to 1, the current position is used as the reference position. If it is set to 2 then the end of the file would be taken as the reference position.
Example
Let us take a file foo.txt, which we created above.
This produces the following result −
Renaming and Deleting Files
Python os module provides methods that help you perform file-processing operations, such as renaming and deleting files.
To use this module, you need to import it first and then you can call any related functions.
The rename() Method
The rename() method takes two arguments, the current filename and the new filename.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to rename an existing file test1.txt −
The remove() Method
You can use the remove() method to delete files by supplying the name of the file to be deleted as the argument.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to delete an existing file test2.txt −
Directories in Python
All files are contained within various directories, and Python has no problem handling these too. The os module has several methods that help you create, remove, and change directories.
The mkdir() Method
You can use the mkdir() method of the os module to create directories in the current directory. You need to supply an argument to this method, which contains the name of the directory to be created.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to create a directory test in the current directory −
The chdir() Method
You can use the chdir() method to change the current directory. The chdir() method takes an argument, which is the name of the directory that you want to make the current directory.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to go into '/home/newdir' directory −
The getcwd() Method
The getcwd() method displays the current working directory.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to give current directory −
The rmdir() Method
The rmdir() method deletes the directory, which is passed as an argument in the method.
Before removing a directory, all the contents in it should be removed.
Syntax
Example
Following is an example to remove the '/tmp/test' directory. It is required to give fully qualified name of the directory, otherwise it would search for that directory in the current directory.
File and Directory Related Methods
There are three important sources, which provide a wide range of utility methods to handle and manipulate files & directories on Windows and Unix operating systems. They are as follows −
The file object provides functions to manipulate files.
This provides methods to process files as well as directories.
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If you purchased your Windows Transfer Cable before December 2017:
Windows Transfer Cables purchased before December 2017 do not have the product key attached to the cable. Customers who purchased their cable before December 2017 should have received an email containing their product key. If you are unable to locate this key and purchased your Windows Transfer Cable before December 2017, please contact support@plugable.com for assistance.
There are three common scenarios for using a Windows Transfer Cable.
The Bravura Easy Sync software is used for both scenarios. Instructions for each scenario are given below after the install instructions.
Install Instructions
The first step is to download Easy Computer Sync onto both computers. The download also includes and installs the most recent drivers for your Windows Transfer Cable.
After clicking the link above, you will typically see a dialog box like this:
Click Run. The Easy Computer Sync installer will download to your computer. After the download finishes, you will see another dialog box like this:
Again, click on Run to run the Easy Computer Sync installer. Now the installer will appear.
Typically, in each page of the installer, you should accept the default options and click Next, or the option similar to it. This installs the Easy Computer Sync on your computer, and starts it after the installer finishes.
During installation, you will be prompted for a product key for the Bravura software. This product key is a 16-character alphanumeric code located on a tag attached to the cable.
Note: Windows Transfer Cables purchased before December 2017 do not have the product key attached to the cable. Customers who purchased their cable before December 2017 should have received an email containing their product key. If you are unable to locate this key and purchased your Windows Transfer Cable before December 2017, please contact support@plugable.com for assistance.
Starting Easy Computer Sync
Once installed, there are three ways to start the Easy Computer Sync software:
- Double-click its icon on your desktop.
- Double-click its icon on your desktop.
- In Windows XP, Vista, or Windows 7, click on Start Menu > All Programs > Easy Computer Sync, and select 'Easy Computer Sync,' or in the Windows 8, 8.1, and 10 Start menu, just type 'Easy Computer Sync,' and click on it in the search results.
- Plug the Windows Transfer Cable into a USB port on your computer and select it from Autoplay menu if it appears:
Upgrading to a New Computer
1. Follow the instructions above to install the software on both the old computer and the new computer.
2. Plug the cable into a USB port on both computers. On Windows 8 and earlier computers, you may be prompted to start another program called Windows Easy Transfer in a window like the one below. Do not start Windows Easy Transfer. Instead, start the Easy Computer Sync software you just installed.
If you don't see this window when you plug in the cable, start Easy Computer Sync according to the instructions above.
If a window asks you to allow the program to make changes to your computer, click Yes.
3. Click Next on both computers until you reach a window that says 'Waiting for connection.' When both computers are ready, this will change to 'Connection Detected' and a new window will be displayed asking you to Select how you want to transfer data. Select Transfer Data to New Computer. Husqvarna rider 1200 workshop manual. If the software is stuck on 'Waiting for Connection' for more than a short time, please temporarily disable any antivirus and firewall software on your computer and try again.
4. You will be asked if this is your old or new computer. From your old computer, select This is my old computer. A window will appear asking you to select items to be transferred.
5. On the old computer, select the folders that contain the data you want to transfer to your new computer. You do not need to select anything on the new computer. Only the most commonly used folders are included by default. You can add more folders by clicking the Add Folder button. If your computer has a second drive or you want to customize your transfer beyond the default folders, you might find this blog post useful.
- Note: The Public Data option will transfer all items in your Shared/Public My DocumentsPicturesMusicVideos folders. Un-check this selection if you do not wish to transfer data from your Shared/Public folders.
- Tip: it is strongly recommended that you do not simply put a check mark in the 'My Computer' selection, or the entire 'C:' drive box below it. This will transfer a huge amount of unnecessary information to the new PC, wasting hard drive space and substantially increasing the time required for the transfer.
6. On the same window, click Options. For Transfer Files select Only to other computer. For If there is a conflict, select Make Copies. Click OK. The display will return to the previous window.
7. Click Next. The files in the folders you selected will be transferred to the new computer. On the final screen, you can click View Log to see a list of the transferred files.
Product Unboxing and Step-by-step Instructions
Syncing folders between two computers
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The Sync Files option lets you quickly select folders to synchronize between your computers.
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1. After a connection between the two computers is established through the cable, the Select how you want to transfer data window will appear. Select Sync Files. The Select Folders to Synchronize window will appear.
2. Place a check mark next to the folders you would like to synchronize between the two computers. Please note, this will not only copy data from the first PC to the second, but also from the second PC to the first.
3. If you want to synchronize folders that are not in the list of default folders, select Add Folder. To show all non-hidden folders on the computer, select Show Protected Folders. See this blog post for more details on setting other folders and drives.
4. Click Options to set how duplicate files are handled. Information on these settings can be found here.
5. Click Next. The files in the folders you selected will be synced between the computers. On the final screen, you can click View Log to see a list of the transferred files.
One-time transfer of a few files or folders
The Drag & Drop Files Windows 10 installer download 64 bit. function allows you to transfer one or more manually selected files and folders to the second computer using a Windows File Explorer-style interface.
1. After a connection between the two computers is established through the cable, the Select how you want to transfer data window will appear. Select Drag & Drop files. The Simple File Transfer window will appear. This window has a menu section and four panes. The top-left pane shows the folders on the first computer (where you started Drag & Drop). The top-right pane shows the contents of the folder currently selected on the left. The bottom two panes show the same things for the second computer.
2. To see your user folders, such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and the like, click Show System Folders at the upper right of the menu section. They will appear in the folder pane under Users > Your_User_Name.
- Tip: Please be aware that with the 'Show System Folders' view enabled, you have access to copy data to and from protected folders on the drive. With great power comes great responsibility – be careful when transferring data via this method! Generally speaking, it is unlikely that you will need to move information to/from any of the 'Program Files' or 'Windows' folders, so it's safest to ignore those folders unless you have a specific need to access them. Also, do not move any hidden folders under your User name unless you know exactly what you are doing. They could overwrite important information on the new computer.
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Finding the information you wantGenerally the most commonly transferred information is documents, pictures, music, and the like—the irreplaceable stuff. By default, most programs save this data in your User folders, a set of folders created by Windows for every user name on the system. The location of your User folders will differ depending on which version of Windows is on the system, and will (usually) share the same name as your Windows login. https://soft-al.mystrikingly.com/blog/mass-effect-3-spectre-weapons.
- For Windows XP, the location will be: C:Documents and SettingsYour_User_NameMy DocumentsMy Pictures, Music, Desktop, etc.
- For Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, and 10, the location will be C:UsersYour_User_NameDocuments, Pictures, Music, Desktop, etc.
If you have any problems using your transfer cable that isn't answered here, please feel free to contact us at support@plugable.com.
